Ornamented article and process of making same



gwuentow F. B. ROOT SS F MAKING SAME Filed Feb. 28, 1929 Nov. 10, 1931.

FAANK b. K30

Patented Nov. 10, 1931 v UNITED STATES;-

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This invention relates to ornamental fin-.

art directed to finishes and coatings since inthat prior art the attempt has always been to avoid any unevenness of surface and to produce as nearly as can be done an uninterrupted but smooth surface coating. This is true in connection with various types of continuous coatings, so that reference to'such coatings as crackle finishes which involve discontinuous finishes, need not be considered in this connection. The present invention is also concerned with continuous coatings or finishes but in accordance with the present disclosure the finish instead of bein smooth presents a continuous but wrinkle finish.

One of the objects of the present invention is the production of special effects in such wrinkle finishes in which the wrinkle effect is retained but in which the wrinkling is controlled and accentuated at certain points in the coating.

Another object of this invention is the production of, the so-called pine-tree effect in such coatings.

A further object of this invention is di-.

rected to methods of producing .such controlled and accentuated wrinkle finishes and the articles carrying such finishes and coat- Other and further objects and advantages 40 will appear from the more detailed descrip- 1 tion given below, it being understood however that this more detailed description is given by way of explanation and illustration only, and not by way of limitation since various changes therein may be made by those skilled in the art without departing fromthe scope and spiritof the present-disclosure.

, In general'it ma be stated that wrinkle finishes are desirab y produced by applying the'desired composition to the surface of an article on which the particular effect is to be produced, and then baking or dryin the coated article at a temperature at whic the wrinkle finish appears. Such finishes have proved very pleasing and attractive. The wrinkling appears to be due to ra id oxidation of the surface ofthe applied lm resulting in the formation of a skin over the less oxidized material on the interior of the coating, the surface film increasing in volume and expanding laterally. The. adhesion of the surface coating material for the surface of the ..article carryin that coating, prevents expansion beyondt e confines of that article, so that the expansion of the oxidized filmat the surface of the coating results in a wrinklin of the surface film, the less oxidized mater al on the interior of the coating flowing into'the folds.

The general efiectin the wrinkle finish coatings is of a substantially level surface exhibiting more or less minute ridges proj ecting from the surface and runnin more or less irregularly over that surface. ,the ap lication of the present invention to the mo ification of these wrinkle finishes and coatings,

the wrinkling is controlled so that accentu ,ated effects are obtained at various points of the coating, whereby improved ornamental features are procur d.

The drawing is illustrative of the modified effects obtained by the present invention. In that drawing there is shown in the single view an enlarged detail of a portion of the surface at close range the wrinkles and spaces between them being enlarged to disclose more articularly the actual contour of the surace, the accentuated wrinkles giving the so called pine tree effect being shown.

For producing the desired efiects, composineed tions are chosen which under dryin or baking conditions give the particular e ect herein denominated wrinkle finish. An important component of such com ositions is a dryin oil. The principal drying oils that be considered in this connection are China wood or tung oil, linseed oil and perilla oil although other drying oils may be used.

Among the less common drying oils there may be mentioned chia, Citicica, wah1ut, poppy-seed sunflower,'candle nut, lumbang, hempseed, fish, etc. The oils which may thus be used in the production of wrinkle finishes are hereinafter generically referred to .as wrinkling oils. While China wood oil gives satisfactory results in wrinkling finishes, the best results are obtained with these drying oils when they have been blown or partially oxidized or preoxidized.

While a varnish or other composition to be used to produce a wrinkle finish must contain a substantial proportion of a wrinkling oil, admixtures of the non-wrinkling oils may be used so long as the amount of the latter is not sufiicient to eliminate the wrinkle finish. In such admixtures for the best efiects, not less than half of the oil mixture should be a wrinkling oil. It is obvious that similar considerations apply to admixtures of any number of oils whether of the wrinkling or non-wrinkling types: in all such cases the best effects are obtained in the finish if the amount of wrinkling oil is at least half of the oil content thereof.

The extent of wrinkling in the finish varies according to the amount of resin that is present in the varnish or composition. For each wrinkling oil there is a certain range of oil-to-resin ratios within the limits of which the wrinkling takes place to give the best effect. For example, for blown China wood oil the most practicable limits i nsofar as the appearance of the finish is concerned is from about 6 to 18 gallons of oil to pounds of resin.

Similarly, for untreated China wood oil, it is about 8 to 25 gallons; for blown perilla, 10 to 30 for blown linseed oil, 14 to 35. There .is also a lower limit of the oil-to-resin ratio for the production of the more satisfactorily appearing finishes. This ratio varies with the different wrinkling oils. For blown wood oil, about 5 gallons of the oil to 100 lbs. resin produces a varnish givinga more or less well defined eifect. With ratios of wood oil be-. low that mentioned, the wrinkle efi'ect falls off while with higher ratios it is more pronounced. This number which may be referred to as the lowest wrinkling ratio is a measure of the activity of a wrinkling oil, that is thelower this ratio is, the more powerful is the wrinkling tendency of the oil. The following series expresses the relative activity of the named wrinkling oils: blown China wood oil 5; China wood oil 6 blown perilla oil 8; blown linseed oil 12.

Of the resins usable in the production of wrinkle finishes and which resins may be denominated wrinkling finish resins the following may be noted: Congo, kauri, dammar, Cumar, Pontianak, Manila, Zanzibar, elemi, mastic, henol-formaldehyde resins particularly o the oil soluble variety, glycerolpht alic condensation products particularly of the oil soluble variety, paracoumarone, Congo ester, rosin ester, and mixtures of these resins and resin esters.

Some substances such as pyroxylin, nitrocellulose, gilsonite, and rosin apparently tend to inhibit the wrinkling eflfect. Such materials should therefor not be used in roportions to prevent the desired wrinkle nish.

In small amounts these substances having a wrinkling inhibiting tendency, produce very fine wrinkles while in large amounts they may completely eliminate wrinkling. Rosin if used in large amount, also tends to produce irregularities in the size and in the interval between wrinkles in the resulting finish.

Solvents or thinners are not a main factor sinizie an moderately volatile solvent can be use solvent or thinner should distil below about 325F. The thinner used may be a mixture of several thinning components. The low boiling thinner evaporates more quickly from the varnish or enamel film, promotes the rapid formation of a surface skin, and durdrying assists in maintainin a greater dii lerential between the degree 0 oxidation of the surface skin and the oil within the film. When the finish is dried at elevated temperatures, the use of low boiling thinners also assists in eliminating any tendency toward sagging of the finish during the drying operation. The following are illustrative of the thinners and solvents that may be used: light naphtha, toluol, benzol, petro enm ether or ligroin (benzine), acetone, carbon tetrachloride, alcohol, chloroform, ethyl acetate, etc., and mixtures of these. To some extent, the character of the finish may be varied by the quantity and character of the thinner used. Turpentine and' other high-boillng thinners may also be used. More pronounced wrinkles are produced with compositions containing the lower boiling thinners.

Driers and drier combinations are also an important element in the composition since the wrinkled effect appears to be somewhat determined by the rate of oxidation of the wrinkling oil. Such driers as cobalt acetate, red lead, manganese borate, lead linoleate,etc., used alone or in admixture with each otheror with the other driers are illustrative.

The compositions may be made and applied as either clear varnishes or as pigmentreferably the major portion of the.

' lb. cobalt acetate 7 gals. blown wood oil 10 gals. light naphtha 12 gals. toluol.

- Example 2 100 lbs. Congo 4 lbs. rosin 3 lbs. red lead 2 lbs. manganese oxide 10 gals. wood oil 10 gals. light naphtha 32 gals. toluol.

Example 3 100 lbs. Congo 5 lbs. red lead lbs. manganese oxide gals. blown linseed oi 10 gals. light naphtha 18 gals. toluol.

Example 4 100 lbs. Congo 4 lbs. rosin 1% lbs. red lead lbs. manganese borate 2 gals. China wood oil 6% gals. blown wood oil 4 gals. blown soya bean oil 5 gals. light naphtha 17 gals. toluol.

Example 1 is exemplary of a varnish that contains blown wood oil as the only wrinkling oil and this composition-gives a very uniform effect. I

Example 2 illustrates the use of unblown or unoxidized China wood oil. A very good wrinkling effect is obtained with this composition. Blown wood oil and other blown drying oils generally give very desirable and pronounced wrinkling effects, but wood oil untreated is the best of the untreated or unoxidized drying oils. that can be used.

Example 3 illustrates the use of blown linseed oil as the wrinkling oil in the composition. This composition gives a well-defined and a uniform wrinkled effect.

bean oil may be substituted for the blown oil and instead of soya bean oil there may also be used any semior non-drying oil such as cotton seed, corn, castor, rape-seed, rubberseed, olem, etc.

.In roducing the improved wrinkled finish of this invention, it is advantageous to dry or bake the applied finish of varnish or enamel, preferably at an elevated temperature deg endmg on the t e of article being treated.

or metal and re ated surfaces a temperature of 150 F. up to approximately 450 F. may be advantageously used. For wood and similar materials somewhat lower temperatures such as 120 F. up to 140 F. may be utilized. At elevated temperatures ra id oxidation of the surface of the applied lm is promoted and any tendency toward-diffusion of oxidation products from the surface into the interior of the film is lessened. In general, drying at elevated temperatures accentuates the wrinkling and assists in providing a harder finish.

As an illustration of drying times and temperatures satisfactory wringled finishes are obtained with the compositions herein set forth as follows: In five hours at 180 F., in three hours at 200 F., in two hours at 250 F., in one and one-half hours at 300 F., and in three-fourths of an hour at 400 F. Drying at elevated temperatures also assists in making the finish resistant'to the action of the usual solvents employed in pyroxylin lacquers and enamels. Increase in the amount of oil in the composition results in wrinkling at lower-temperatures and hence when the lower temperatures are to be used in connection with wood and related articles, the compositions may desirably contain more oil. Further the higher oil content gives added flexibility so that the long oil compositions are desirable for use in metal stamping, or on leather, paper, cloth, rubber, etc. Example 4 above, gives a baked film that is quite elastic due to the high oil content.

There have been set forth above a number of considerations directed to the types of compositions and the baking temperatures which effect the character of the wrinkles produced in the finish. Other factors however are also found which afiiect the character of the wrinkles produced. For example the thickness of the a plied film will result in differences in the nish. Thinner films give finer wrinkles and thicker films coarser wrintion of composition and consequently coarser wrinkles, whileon the other hand spray noz- "zles of finer atomization give thinner films with finer wrinkles.

In the discussion set forth above the compositions and methods used result in substantially uniformly distributed wrinkle finishes, the character of wrinkle whether coarse or fine being substantially uniform over the surface.

One phase of the present invention particularly concerned with the production of such wrinkle finishes in which the texture of the wrinkle is modified at one or more segregated areas in the wrinkled surface so that a esign effect is produced in the wrinkle finish. Such modified effects may be referred to for example as sag, curtain and pine-tree. These several effects may be generically referred to as accentuated rugosities or waves of wrinkle finish produced b agglomeration of heavier or thicker films o the composition at certain points of the surface while at other points the regular wrinkle finish serves as a background for the accentuated wrinkled areas. The pine-tree effect is that wherein the accentuated rugosities are more in the nature of inverted vs. The pine-tree effect is well illustrated in the drawing. The areas A, A represent the so-called'pinet-ree appearance, which when viewed more distantly so that the high lights of the surface are seen, give a distinct pine tree appearance on the more regularly wrinkled background indicated at areas B, B. In order to illustrate the actual contour of the surface, the drawing shows such surface carrying a wrinkled finish enlarged to give greater detail of that surface. The inverted Vs at A, A represent the accentuated portions of the surface found on the more regularly wrinkled areas B,'B, the latter serving as a background for the accentuated rugosities constituting the pine-tree.

For the production of these wrinkled finishes with accentuated rugosities in the finish the article is desirably coated with a relatively heavy coating of the desired composition and baked in an inclined position which inclined position may vary from a small angle to the horizontal, to a vertical position. The incline of the surface of the article bearing the coating produces a flowing or movement of the wrinkled coating after it is applied and at or about the time when the baking commences and before the baking has caused the setting of the finish to take place to a point where such movement or flowing would e prevented. The effects which are obtained are the resultants of certain forces acting. The inclined or vertical surface is expanding so that there is an outwardly directed force in all directions from the point at which the oil aggregate forms. Gravity also acts .to produce a downwardly directed force.

The resultants of these forces are vectors actin from the point at which the oil aggregate orms in a direction determined by the two forces referred to above. The an le of the surface of the article being treate may accordingly be varied to regulate the character of these accentuated rugosities, the maximum effect being obtained with the surface in vertical position.

These observations are substantiated by the action of a sprayed panel during the drying or baking operation particularly under the action of heat. The wrinkling usually starts at the edges and simultaneously there are noted small specks scattered all over the surface which gradually develop into the inverted Vs. These areas eventually comprise the pine-trees but the important point is that the wrinkling on the surface of the panel starts at these segregated points, the apices of the Vs.

The point at which such wrinkling first appears apparently results from an aggregation of partially polymerized and oxidized molecules. These aggregations may or may not be present as nuclei in the varnish before it is applied but they are helped in their growth by the action of the oven heat and by the vortex current caused by the rapid evaporation of the thinner. The film of compositions should be heavy enough in order to produce pine-trees because in thin films the solvent evaporates quickly and the surface skin forms and wrinkles before the oil aggregates have grown to sufficient size for their influence to be shown. Further it may be stated that of two wrinkling varnishes the one that contains more oil wrinkles in a shorter time than the one with less oil, other factors being equal in the two cases.

The flowing or movement of the wrinkled coating after it is applied which results in the accentuated rugosities at certain points of the coating, may be accomplished in other ways than merely by gravity due to setting the work in a vertical position or at an angle to the horizontal. It may be accomplished for example by air currents or other flowing methods.

Pronounced pine tree effects have also been obtained by the addition to a clear wrinkle varnish of an unground pigment of relatively light gravity. Magnesia suspended in oil may be used for this purpose. The amount of pigment added should be small, say less than 1 per cent based on the total composition and this added pigment should be well distributed in the composition. It is possible that the particles of unground pigment act as an obstruction to the flow of the composition and thus produce the pine tree effect at the point where the pigment becomes fixed in the surface.

When gang sprays are used to apply the composition, at certain points the atomization may be made coarser to produce heavier or thicker layers at these points resulting in coarser wrinkles in such thicker layers. Accentuated rugosities distributed in the more uniformly wrinkled finishes may be produced in this manner.

Accentuated rugosities at certain points of the surface may also be controlled by employing a difierent'temperature at different points during the baking of the sprayed surface. A higher temperature causes a more rapid wrinkling effect than a lower temperature. The effect of localized heatin at different points of the surface results in a variation in the type of wrinkle produced at these particular points as compared with the type of wrinkle produced by the action of heat at other. places in the surface.

The baked or dried finishes of the present invention are particularly resistant to softening by lacquercompositions and particularly the solvents used in nitrocellulose lacquers. So that although the rugose surface of the wrinkle finish affords a very extensive area for the action of such solvents or lacquers the baking creates a resistance to such softening action. Consequently the wrinkle finishes and compositions used for producing such coatings are particularly desirable as undercoats where a wrinkle finish is desired and such finishes may then be given one or more coats of pyroxylin enamels, oil enamels, or baking japans. When pigments are used in the wrinkle finish which have a tendency to change or darken under the action of elevated temperatures, these finishes may be coated with pyroxylin lacquer compositions.

While certain theoretical considerations have been set forth above in an attempt to explain some of the effects obtained, it should be understood that this invention is not limited by such theoretical considerations because the compositions and methods discussed above do result in theparticular efi'ects set forth and it is immaterial what may be the actual cause of such effects. Pronounced results of the character herein set forth are readily obtained with the compositions and methods outlined above.

Having thus set forth my invention, I claim:

1. An ornamented article of manufacture carrying a wrinkle finish coating having accentuated. rugosities therein at segregated areas, distributed within the remainder of the wrinkle finish coating.

2. An ornamented article of manufacture carrying a wrinkle finish coating having accentuated rugosities formed of films of composition agglomerated at various points therein distributed within the remainder of the wrinkle finish coating.

3. An ornamented article of manufacture carrying a wrinkle finish coating having accentuated rugosities of the pine tree type formed of films of composition agglomerated at various points therein into the form of inverted Vs, distributed within the remainder of the wrinkle finish coating.

4. The process of ornamenting an article of manufacture which comprises applying to the surface thereof a wrinkling finish composition, and drying said coated article under conditions to produce a wrinkle finish coating havin accentuated rugosities therein at segregate areas distributed within the remainder of the wrinkle finish coating. 

